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Documentation

BricsCAD Plug-in: installation, quick start, and basics#

Overview#

Production Assist is available as a plug-in for BricsCAD. The plug-in integrates directly into BricsCAD and offers the same range of functions as the desktop app and the other plug-ins.

The main task of the plug-in is to integrate BricsCAD into the Production Assist workflow. This allows you to use load values, calculation results, and internal forces directly during construction in your usual CAD environment.

Compatibility and requirements#

Production Assist currently supports the following BricsCAD versions:

  • 2021
  • 2022
  • 2023
  • 2024
  • 2025
  • 2026

You can see which version is installed with the about command.

BricsCAD About dialog with version number

Each BricsCAD version requires its own plug-in file. An installed Production Assist desktop app is always required.

If you install the plug-in via the desktop app, the matching host application, i.e. BricsCAD, must also already be installed.

For example, BricsCAD 2026 on Windows requires the file libProductionAssistBRX26.brx.

For example, BricsCAD 2026 on macOS requires the file libProductionAssistBRX26.mrx.

Limitations

In BricsCAD for macOS, the real-time integration only works after changing the view.

On Windows and macOS, you must bring BricsCAD to the foreground so that changes from the Production Assist desktop app become visible.

Installation#

Attention: For Production Assist to work correctly, both the desktop app and the plug-in must be installed. All required support files such as cross sections and templates are included with the installation.

There are two installation methods:

  1. Installation via the desktop app
  2. Manual installation

We recommend installation via the desktop app because it automatically checks for updates when the program starts. Manual installation does not include automatic update checks.

Installation via the desktop app#

The following applies to installation via the desktop app:

  1. The Production Assist desktop app must be installed. Download it from https://www.production-assist.com/download and install it.

  2. BricsCAD must be installed. Bricsys describes the installation at https://www.bricsys.com/de-de/bricscad-download.

Start the Production Assist desktop app and run the menu command Help → Install BricsCAD Plugin....

Menu command for installing the BricsCAD plug-in in the Production Assist desktop app

This menu command opens a dialog where you can choose the plug-ins available for installation. Only plug-ins whose host application is installed can be selected. For example, if BricsCAD 2024 is installed, the plug-in for BricsCAD 2024 can also be installed.

Dialog for installing the BricsCAD plug-in in the Production Assist desktop app

After successful installation, the plug-in is stored in the following folder. The path depends on the installed BricsCAD version. YY stands for the version number, for example 26 for BricsCAD 2026.

Windows: %appdata%/productionassist/brx_plugin/BRXYY/libProductionAssistBRX_YY.brx

macOS: /Users/BENUTZERNAME/Library/Application Support/productionassist/brx_plugin/BRXYY/libProductionAssistBRX_YY.mrx

The Production Assist Library is stored at the following path:

Windows: %appdata%/productionassist/brx_plugin/ProductionAssistLibrary

macOS: /Users/BENUTZERNAME/Library/Application Support/productionassist/brx_plugin/ProductionAssistLibrary

Example for BricsCAD 2026

Plug-in:

  • Windows: %appdata%/productionassist/brx_plugin/BRX26/libProductionAssistBRX_26.brx C:/Benutzer/Kontoname/AppData/Roaming/productionassist/brx_plugin/BRX26/libProductionAssistBRX_26.brx
  • macOS: /Users/BENUTZERNAME/Library/Application Support/productionassist/brx_plugin/BRX26/libProductionAssistBRX_26.mrx

The ProductionAssistLibrary folder is located inside the brx_plugin folder.

Info: You will need this path in the section Integrating the Production Assist Library in BricsCAD.

The advantage of installing via the app is that Production Assist is automatically kept up to date.

Manual installationDownload the BricsCAD plug-in from the website.#

The ZIP file contains several folders for the supported BricsCAD versions as well as the Production Assist Library.

ZIP download with BricsCAD plug-in folders and Library

The following mapping applies:

AbbreviationBricsCAD version
BRX26BricsCAD 26
BRX25BricsCAD 25
BRX24BricsCAD 24
BRX23BricsCAD 23
BRX22BricsCAD 22
BRX21BricsCAD 21

Installation for Windows

Save the extracted files in any local location.

Manual extraction and storage of the BricsCAD plug-in files

Target folder for the manual installation of the BricsCAD plug-in

Installation for macOS

Save the extracted files in any local location.

Attention: If possible, do not use a network folder to avoid performance problems.

Loading the plug-in in BricsCAD#

To use Production Assist in BricsCAD, it must be loaded with the APPLOAD command.

Enter APPLOAD in the command line. The following dialog appears:

APPLOAD dialog in BricsCAD for loading an application file

  1. Click the + symbol on the right side to add an application file.
  2. A file dialog opens where you select the previously installed plug-in file.

For example:

  • libProductionAssistBRX25.brx for BricsCAD 2025 on Windows
  • libProductionAssistBRX25.mrx for BricsCAD 2025 on macOS

Note: If Autoload is enabled, the Production Assist plug-in is loaded automatically every time BricsCAD starts.

Otherwise, you must run APPLOAD manually.

You can also disable the plug-in again via the same dialog. To do so, clear the checkbox at AUTO or click Unload selected Application on the right. You can completely remove the entry with the X on the right side.

When the plug-in has been loaded successfully, the command line shows the corresponding status:

Loading the Production Assist plug-in with APPLOAD in BricsCAD

BricsCAD command line after the plug-in has been loaded successfully

The BricsCAD command line confirms the user logged into the Production Assist desktop app and the status Ready.

Integrating the Production Assist Library in BricsCAD#

For structural calculations, the blocks used require certain information. This data is already included in the supplied Production Assist Library.

To get started, we recommend the supplied Production Assist Library because it is already prepared for use with Production Assist. For your own blocks, materials, and customized workflows, see the later section Customizing the Production Assist Library.

To access the blocks from the Library in BricsCAD, the Library must be integrated once.

  1. Open the context menu with a right-click in the right sidebar and activate the Library area under PANELS.

  2. The Library area now appears on the left. Open the Manage Library entry there via the three-dot menu. The Settings window opens.

  3. Under library directory path, select the storage location from the plug-in installation. The folder you need is called ProductionAssistLibrary.

  4. For a correct block preview, click Generate thumbnails in the three-dot menu of the Library. This creates previews for the imported symbols and blocks.

  5. When inserting blocks into BricsCAD, specify scaling and rotation if needed. The default value for scaling is X = 1 and Y = 1. If you do not enter a rotation value, 0 degrees is used.

Library management in BricsCAD with the Production Assist Library

Typical workflow#

  1. Add components from the Production Assist Library to your model, for example trusses and chains.

  2. Start PA synchronization to connect your model with Production Assist.

  3. Add loads to your structures using the load tools.

  4. Run the calculation in the Production Assist palette.

  5. Display the results via the layers to check forces, errors, and analysis data directly in BricsCAD.

Typical workflow with Production Assist in BricsCAD

Quick start: first calculation in BricsCAD#

This guide walks you through a simple truss construction with two chains and your first calculation.

Requirements#

  • The plug-in is loaded with APPLOAD.
  • The Production Assist desktop app is installed.
  • The Plugin mode is enabled in the footer of the desktop app.

Plugin mode in the footer of the Production Assist desktop app

As soon as Plugin mode is active, the Production Assist desktop app automatically connects to the running BricsCAD instance. It then serves as the user interface for settings, Load Combinations, reference values, and the creation of reports and plans. The calculation itself is carried out by the BricsCAD plug-in.

Attention: Some display parameters for BricsCAD are controlled in the Production Assist desktop app. This includes, for example, the ProductionAssist_*_Text layers. These are made visible via the Ergebnisse in 3D anzeigen option.

Setting Show results in 3D in the Production Assist desktop app

Step 1: Open the component library#

  1. Go to Panels > Library in BricsCAD.
  2. Open the Production Assist Library.

Open the Production Assist Library in the BricsCAD sidebar

Step 2: Place the first truss#

  1. Browse the library and select a truss component, for example h30v-l200-3q.
  2. Drag the truss into your BricsCAD scene.
  3. Place it in the desired position.
  4. Set the values for scaling and rotation.

Place a truss from the Production Assist Library in BricsCAD

Step 3: Extend the truss line#

  1. Select the Move tool from the Production Assist toolbar.
  2. Click the truss you just placed.
  3. Press Shift on Windows or Option on macOS to create a copy.
  4. Move the copy to the end of the first truss. It automatically snaps to the magnetic connection point.
  5. Repeat the process until your truss line has the desired length.

With the COPY command:

Extend the truss using the Copy command

Via drag and drop and the Shift key:

Attention: A truss cannot snap to its own copy. If necessary, first create an additional working copy of the block.

Copy and snap a truss via drag and drop with the Shift key

Step 4: Add chains#

  1. Search the component library for a chain component, for example CMF.
  2. Drag the chain into the scene.
  3. Use the Move tool to position the chain on the truss. It snaps to the center axis of the truss.

For easier alignment and snapping, you can temporarily hide unnecessary layers.

  1. Add a second chain at the other end of your truss line.

Position chains on the truss

Step 5: Start synchronization and calculate#

  1. In the toolbar, click Start PA drawing synchronization.
  2. Production Assist reads your model and performs the calculation.
  3. The forces of the respective chains are displayed in the block attributes.

Start PA drawing synchronization and perform the calculation

Step 6: Display results with layers#

  1. Go to Sidebar > LAYER in BricsCAD.
  2. Enable the layers for the desired result values.
  3. The reaction forces are now displayed directly in the model.

Display reaction forces via layers in BricsCAD

Step 7: Add a load#

  1. In the toolbar, select the Insert Point Load tool.
  2. Move the mouse pointer over the truss where you want to add a load.
  3. Click to insert the load.
  4. Enter the weight in the dialog, for example 100 kg.
  5. The calculation is updated automatically and the changed forces are displayed on the chains.

Insert a point load on a truss

You have now completed your first structural calculation in BricsCAD with Production Assist.

BricsCAD plug-in basics#

Saving in DWG format#

By default, your drawing data is saved in DWG format. Geometry, block definitions, block references, and the attributes contained in the blocks are therefore stored directly in the DWG. Wherever possible, Production Assist writes project-related information into the block definitions and their attributes.

In addition, when the option is enabled, Production Assist creates a separate LRWX file next to the DWG. The LRWX file contains all project-specific information that cannot be fully or meaningfully represented in block definitions and attributes, for example Load Combinations, complex mappings, or PA settings.

The creation of the LRWX file can be disabled in the settings. If saving the LRWX file is turned off, only the information stored directly in the DWG remains. LRWX-specific data is then lost or is not passed along with the drawing.

Recommendation: Enable saving of the LRWX file and keep it together with the DWG so that project-relevant settings, especially Load Combinations and other PA-specific data that cannot be stored in attributes, are not lost.

OptionAdvantagesDisadvantages
Save LRWX next to DWGProduction Assist-specific settings and calculation results are saved separately from the drawing. Complex PA data is retained even when it cannot be fully represented in block attributes. The file can be useful for support exports, handover, and restoring PA project states.In addition to the DWG, another file must be stored and kept with the project. If the LRWX file is missing or not copied, Production Assist-specific information will be missing even though the drawing exists.

Import#

In practice, you rarely plan event technology on an empty drawing. Most of the time, you work on the basis of existing documents such as venue plans, customer drawings, stage layouts, or approval plans. Production Assist adds rigging-relevant objects such as trusses, hoists, loads, and calculation results to this planning context.

This section shows which file types typically play a role in this workflow and what they are used for.

DWG/DXF

DWG and DXF files are the most important working basis in BricsCAD. You will often receive floor plans, existing plans, or planning states in one of these formats and use them as the basis for your further work with Production Assist.

You then insert your trusses, hoists, loads, and other Production Assist objects into these existing CAD documents. This keeps the structural planning within the spatial and organizational context of the project.

Production Assist works with normal blocks and DWG data within the drawing. No proxy objects or special formats are introduced into the DWG that would make collaboration with other parties more difficult.

This means: anyone who receives this DWG file can continue working with it directly. Changes to geometry, blocks, or attributes remain regular DWG changes and can later be taken into account again by Production Assist when the file is re-read.

PDF documents

In addition, PDF files are often used in projects, for example as customer approvals, occupancy plans, rigging specifications, or reference drawings. Such documents usually serve as visual orientation or a coordination basis, even though they do not contain the same editable geometry as a DWG file.

MVR

MVR (My Virtual Rig) is used when data from a stage setup needs to be exchanged between CAD programs, visualizers, lighting consoles, or similar tools. This allows parametric and geometric information to be transferred between different programs.

MVR complements other formats such as GDTF and is particularly useful when you want to pass planning data consistently across multiple systems.

Collaboration with other DWG users#

For the export and handover of a project, you must distinguish between two different data areas:

  • The BricsCAD side contains the CAD planning, i.e. geometry, blocks, block references, layouts, and, if applicable, external references.
  • The Production Assist side contains the project-specific Production Assist data, especially the LRWX file with settings, mappings, and calculation results, as far as these are not fully stored in the DWG.

Special feature: DWG workflow and compatibility

Production Assist does not change the normal DWG workflow. The blocks used in the drawing remain regular DWG blocks; no proxy objects or proprietary extensions are written into the DWG that would make it unusable in other CAD programs. You can pass a DWG on 1:1 to colleagues or to users of other CAD programs. They can open and edit the file even without Production Assist installed.

The prerequisite for loss-free return to Production Assist is that the relevant block definitions remain preserved in the DWG. If the corresponding LRWX file is also supplied and the recipient also has Production Assist, the PA-specific information is loaded automatically from the LRWX when the file is opened.

Important: If DWG and LRWX are not handed over together, LRWX-specific settings and results are lost or unavailable to the recipient. Therefore, for a complete handover between Production Assist workstations, always provide both the DWG and the corresponding LRWX.

Which files belong in a complete archive?#

For complete archiving or handover of a project, you should include at least the following files together in one archive:The following subsections describe how attributes, layers, and result data are exchanged between BricsCAD and Production Assist.

Standard attributes in BricsCAD#

The display and data exchange of calculation results between Production Assist and the BricsCAD drawing takes place primarily through block attributes. Attributes are created in the block definition (Attribute Definition). When the block is inserted, the attribute values become part of the block reference (instance) and contain the specific measured values or results.

The most important standard attributes, their function, and their typical storage location are listed below.

AttributeMeaningTypical useStorage location / display
LoadCalculated load or hook force of the hoist componentIs written back by Production Assist into the hoist component and can be checked in BricsCADBlock attribute of the block reference; visible in Edit Attributes and in the OIP
Hoist IDUnique identifier of the motor or chain hoistUsed for unambiguous assignment in the drawing, calculation, and reportBlock attribute of the block reference; visible in Edit Attributes and in the OIP
WeightDead weight of the block or entered loadUsed for load assumptions, load definition, and calculationBlock attribute of the block reference; visible in Edit Attributes and in the OIP
Hook HeightHeight of the hook or geometric information of the hoist componentRelevant for the position and calculation of suspension pointsBlock attribute of the block reference; visible in Edit Attributes and in the OIP
+/-Force XForce component in the X directionUsed for point forces or calculated forcesBlock attribute; visible in the attribute dialog or in mapped properties
+/-Force YForce component in the Y directionUsed for point forces or calculated forcesBlock attribute; visible in the attribute dialog or in mapped properties
+/-Force ZForce component in the Z directionUsed for point forces or calculated forcesBlock attribute; visible in the attribute dialog or in mapped properties

The following illustration shows the editing of these attributes in the BricsCAD attribute dialog. Editing the default attributes in the BricsCAD Edit Attributes dialog

The following illustration shows the same attributes in the BricsCAD OIP (Object Info Palette).

Display of the default attributes in the BricsCAD OIP

Using the CMF hoist component as an example, layers such as $ FL - Load, $ FL - Weight, $ FL - Hoist ID, and $ FL - Hook Height determine which additional information is displayed. The block itself remains visible; only the displayed values change depending on the active layer.

Layer-based visibility control of attribute display in BricsCAD

The values themselves remain stored in the block attributes.

Display of attribute values on a hoist component in BricsCAD

Further attribute mappings and extensions are described in the section Property Map: Filling attributes in BricsCAD.

Bidirectional synchronization of attributes#

Production Assist synchronizes block attributes bidirectionally with the BricsCAD drawing as long as PA synchronization is active for the respective drawing. This means:

  • Changes to attributes in BricsCAD are transferred to Production Assist and adopted there.
  • Changes in Production Assist, for example through a calculation or a user update, are written back into the block instances of the DWG.

Important notes and examples:

  • Requirement: Synchronization must be started (Start PA synchronization) and the desktop app must be connected to the BricsCAD instance. Without active synchronization, no data exchange takes place.
  • Example: The standard attribute Load of a chain contains the load calculated by Production Assist. If Load is changed in BricsCAD, Production Assist overwrites this value again during the next calculation.
  • Example: Hoist ID / ID is used for the unique identification of lifting devices; changes are also synchronized and are important for assignments in reports.
  • Example: Weight is defined as an attribute in many blocks and describes the block weight. It is bidirectional, so a change in BricsCAD affects the calculation in PA.

Additional standard attributes, hook parameters, and group assignments are described in the section Property Map: Filling attributes in BricsCAD and in the related subsections.

Standard layers in BricsCAD#

The definition of which actions and loads are to be calculated by Production Assist is made through the organization of drawing objects in layers. In BricsCAD, these layers clearly define both the structure of the load-bearing system and the position and type of the loads. Typical layer tasks are:

  • Structure: truss geometry, center lines, and tubes (for example 002-TRUSS_WIRE, 004-TRUSS_TUBE)
  • Loads: point, line, and area loads (for example PA-Point Force, PA-Line Load, PA-Area Load)
  • Supports and connection elements: drops, ropes, and supports (for example 902-SCAD_SUPPORT, 910-LAYHER_Support)
  • Helper layers: snap contours, magnet points, and preview boxes (for example 003-TRUSS_SNAP, 900-SCAD_MAGNETS)

Be sure to use layer names consistently. Production Assist interprets and maps geometry and load information based on these layers. If you create your own layers, assign them to the corresponding PA mappings in the settings so that automatic recognition and calculation work correctly.

The following layers contain the DWG parameters:

Layer NameDescription
$ FL - LoadHoist attribute: force at the upper hook (for example resulting tensile force)
$ FL - WeightHoist attribute: weight (for example in kg)
$ FL - Hoist IDHoist attribute: identification number (ID)
$ FL - Hook HeightHoist attributes: upper hook offset X; upper hook offset Y; upper hook height
0BricsCAD default layer
002-TRUSS_WIRETruss geometry: chord tubes and bracings as lines
003-TRUSS_SNAPBounding box / contour of the block (centered over the chord tube); used for snapping
004-TRUSS_TUBE3D geometry of chord tubes and bracings
900-SCAD_MAGNETSConnection points and assigned connectors (magnets)
902-SCAD_SUPPORTDrops, ropes, and other support elements
910-LAYHER_SupportPoints for supports of the Ground Support Attachment; contains load information
911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATICCenter line of the blocks; basis for a continuous structure; color defines the cross-section
PA-Area LoadArea loads: closed polylines; weight stored in the block attribute Weight
PA-Line LoadLine loads: lines/polylines; weight stored in the block attribute Weight
PA-Point ForcePoint forces: points; forces stored in attributes +/-Force X/Y/Z
PA-Wind LoadWind loads: closed polylines for describing wind areas

Displaying calculation results through BricsCAD layers#

Cross-sections, calculation results, and section reactions are displayed in dedicated result layers. Production Assist creates these layers automatically and uses the prefix ProductionAssist_ followed by the respective value, for example ProductionAssist_Dx.

Production Assist layers in BricsCAD

Important notes and conventions:

  • Please do not rename the automatically generated layer names, because the layers can simply be recreated.
  • Export / print: Result layers can be hidden temporarily for plots or exports, or grouped into a separate layer filter.

An explanation of the individual values can also be found under Navigation -> Influence Lines.

Influence Lines visualize specific result values along an element. Production Assist shows both layer-based displays and point/text values. In short:

  • Display: The graphical line itself is drawn on a result layer (ProductionAssist_Dx, ProductionAssist_Vy, etc.). Local maxima and text labels are displayed additionally on the corresponding ..._Text layers (for example ProductionAssist_Dx_Text).
  • Displayed values: Deformations (Dx/Dy/Dz), section forces (Nx, Vy, Vz, Mby, Mbz, Mt), utilizations (Workload*), and error indicators (ProductionAssist_Error*).
Layer NameDescriptionRequired interpretation for
ProductionAssist_DuShows the combined deformed shape. This is the vector addition of Dx, Dy, and Dz.Overall assessment of the spatial deformation of a structure
ProductionAssist_Du_TextShows the local maxima of the combined deformed shape.Quickly locating the greatest total deformations
ProductionAssist_DxShows deformation in the X directionChecking deformation in the longitudinal direction of the model
ProductionAssist_Dx_TextShows the local maxima of deformation in the X directionIdentifying critical extreme values in the X direction
ProductionAssist_DyShows deformation in the Y directionChecking lateral deformation in the Y direction
ProductionAssist_Dy_TextShows the local maxima of deformation in the Y directionIdentifying critical extreme values in the Y direction
ProductionAssist_DzShows deformation in the Z directionChecking vertical deformation or deflection
ProductionAssist_Dz_TextShows the local maxima of deformation in the Z directionIdentifying critical extreme values in the Z direction
ProductionAssist_FloorLoadShows floor loadAssessing load transfer to the floor and substructure
ProductionAssist_FloorLoad_TextShows the local maxima of the floor loadLocating local peak floor-load values
ProductionAssist_MbyShows bending about the Y axisAssessing the bending moment about the local Y axis
ProductionAssist_Mby_TextShows the local maxima of bending about the Y axisIdentifying maximum bending moments about Y
ProductionAssist_MbzShows bending about the Z axisAssessing the bending moment about the local Z axis
ProductionAssist_Mbz_TextShows the local maxima of bending about the Z axisIdentifying maximum bending moments about Z
ProductionAssist_MtShows torsion about the X axisAssessing twisting and torsional loading
ProductionAssist_Mt_TextShows the local maxima of torsion about the X axisIdentifying maximum torsion values
ProductionAssist_NxShows normal force in the X directionChecking tensile and compressive forces along the element
ProductionAssist_Nx_TextShows the local maxima of the normal force in the X directionIdentifying maximum normal forces
ProductionAssist_VyShows shear force in the Y directionAssessing shear loading in the Y direction
ProductionAssist_Vy_TextShows the local maxima of the shear force in the Y directionIdentifying maximum shear forces in the Y direction
ProductionAssist_VzShows shear force in the Z directionAssessing shear loading in the Z direction
ProductionAssist_Vz_TextShows the local maxima of the shear force in the Z directionIdentifying maximum shear forces in the Z direction
ProductionAssist_WorkloadShows the percentage utilization of the structural element (for example trusses/chains) relative to the allowed capacityFast assessment of whether components are within their permitted load capacity
ProductionAssist_Workload_TextMarks local maximum values of structural-element utilization (text labels)Locating the most highly utilized components
ProductionAssist_WorkloadDeflectionShows utilization due to deflection (comparison with defined limits under load combinations)Checking whether deformation limits are met
ProductionAssist_WorkloadDeflection_TextMarks local maximum values of deflection utilization (text)Locating the most critical deflection verifications
ProductionAssist_WorkloadHPShows the utilization of individual suspension points. These are not displayed on the same layer as the members.Assessing the utilization of individual suspension and attachment points
ProductionAssist_WorkloadHP_TextMarks local maxima of suspension-point utilization (text)Quickly locating the most critical suspension points
ProductionAssist_ErrorGroups all error indicators from the calculation. If you hide this master layer, all individual error objects, including the ProductionAssist_Error_... sublayers, are hidden in the drawing.Quickly checking and hiding all error objects
ProductionAssist_Error_XXXError sublayers for specific error types (where XXX = error type). Examples: ProductionAssist_Error_LOAD_NO_WEIGHT for objects without Weight. Hide individual ProductionAssist_Error_... layers specifically to hide only certain error messages.Diagnosing and selectively hiding specific error types (for example missing attributes)
ProductionAssist_ProductionAssistMaster layer / group toggle: Can be used to switch all Production Assist layers on or off togetherCombined visibility control of all PA result layers
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_FrameDisplays the frame elements (structural lines) of the internal structural model. Shows the FEM frame/beam elements that Production Assist uses for the calculation directly in the drawing area.Checking which members and lines are actually used by the calculation model
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_FrameNumberNumbering / labels of the frame elements (IDs). Labels show the corresponding frame IDs from the calculation model, useful for matching with calculation reports.Clear assignment of individual members in the calculation model
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_NodeNodes of the structural model (connection and intersection points). Shows the nodes used in the FEM model in the drawing area.Checking recognized nodes and connection points
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_NodeNumberNumbers/IDs of the nodes (for easier referencing). The node IDs correspond to the IDs in the calculation report and can therefore be compared directly.Clear reference to individual nodes for checking and support
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_SupportSupport points and related information (fixings, reactions). Marks the supports used in the model.Checking where and how supports are applied in the model
ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_SupportNumberLabels / numbers for support points. Shows the support numbers used in reports and when matching results.Clear reference to individual support points
ProductionAssist_StructuresGrouped layer for recognized structures (for example connected truss systems)Checking which components were recognized as one common system
ProductionAssist_SupportsGrouped layer for all support objects (drops, ropes, supports)Checking all load-bearing connections and support elements in the model

Note: StructuralModel display

The FEM elements used for the calculation are placed in the StructuralModel layer group (prefix ProductionAssist_StructuralModel_*). There you can see directly in the drawing area:

  • Frame / FrameNumber: the frame/beam elements and their IDs
  • Node / NodeNumber: the nodes of the FEM model and their IDs
  • Support / SupportNumber: the support points and their support IDs

This display documents which structural model Production Assist uses for the calculation. To compare with calculation reports, activate the corresponding layers in the BricsCAD layer palette or via a layer filter so that the visible IDs in the drawing match those in the report. The entire group can easily be shown or hidden to inspect the drawing without the additional FEM visualization.

Tool reference#

The following tools are available:

SymbolToolDescription
Open Production Assist desktop appOpens the Production Assist desktop app. Set the mode in the app footer to Plugin in order to establish the connection to the running BricsCAD instance. See section Production Assist Synchronization.
Start PA synchronizationStarts bidirectional real-time synchronization (model data, attributes, changes). Required for live calculation, snapping, and automatic updates. See section Production Assist Synchronization.
Stop PA synchronizationEnds synchronization; subsequent changes are no longer transferred to Production Assist. See section Production Assist Synchronization.
Enable live calculationEnables real-time live calculations (continuous updates while you work). See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
Disable live calculationDisables live calculations and reduces calculation load. See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
Calculate (background)Starts an asynchronous background calculation; you can keep working while the calculation runs. See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
Calculate (foreground)Runs a synchronous calculation in the foreground; the interface waits until it is finished. See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
Utilization (gradient)Shows utilization values as a color gradient (finer gradation). In gradient mode, the color changes smoothly from green (low utilization) through yellow to red (high utilization). See section Display.
Utilization (thresholds)Shows utilization based on defined thresholds (for example 50/75/100%). Set thresholds in PA -> Navigation -> Load Combinations. See section Display.
Calculate allTriggers calculation for all recognized PA objects in the drawing. See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
Calculate selectionCalculates only the currently selected objects and is suitable for quickly checking individual systems. See section Live Calculation and Calculation Scope.
LoginOpens the login dialog for Production Assist; required for cloud-based functions and licenses.
PA SaveSaves PA data additionally in .LRWX format next to the DWG. Useful for support exports and for preserving PA settings.
Insert point loadInserts a point load. Detection is done primarily through the attribute Weight or through a mapping in the Property Map; layer: PA-Point Force. See section Inserting a point load.
Insert line loadDistributes a load along a path (2 points) by entering name and weight; layer: PA-Line Load. Assignment in PA -> Settings -> StructuralLines. See section Inserting a line load.
Insert wind loadDefines a wind area (minimum 3 points, Enter closes the polygon); layer: PA-Wind Load. Assignment in PA -> Settings -> StructuralLines. See section Inserting a wind area.
Insert area loadDistributes a load across an area (>=3 points); layer: PA-Area Load. Assignment in PA -> Settings -> StructuralLines. See section Inserting an area load.
Insert point forceInserts a point force with separate components in X/Y/Z; layer: PA-Point Force. See section Inserting a point force.
Select systemSelects all connected components of a system (quick test for connections). Drops and motors may be excluded.
Stack trussesStacks trusses along a reference truss line. Requires active synchronization.
Insert dropInserts a vertical drop element between two structures (a shared intersection point is required); related force lines on 902-SCAD_SUPPORT. See section Insert Drop.
Insert ropeConnects two structures with a rope; related force lines on 902-SCAD_SUPPORT. See section Insert Rope.
Trim linesSplits and trims lines so that they meet the requirements for structural lines (no intersections except at start/end).

Inserting blocks#

This section describes how to insert blocks from the Production Assist Library into BricsCAD.

When you insert a block from the library for the first time, you must define insertion point, scale, and rotation.

  1. Select the insertion point in the drawing.
  2. Scale: factor 1 for the X and Y axes (default: 1).
  3. Rotation: 0 = no rotation; enter another value if required.

Tip: The default values are scale = 1 and rotation = 0. Click the insertion point and press Enter three times to insert the block with the default values.

For practical work, it is usually more efficient to duplicate blocks that have already been inserted instead of inserting them from the library again every time. This avoids having to enter the scale again, and you can continue using the block directly with the snapping functions. Further notes can be found in the section Snapping.

Selection#

  • To select multiple objects, click the objects one after another. BricsCAD extends the selection step by step with each additional clicked object.
  • To remove an already selected object from the selection again, hold down the Shift key and click the object once more. BricsCAD PA Selection

Snapping#

Tip: With F3, you can enable or disable object snap (ESNAP). The ESNAP settings can be found in the footer under ESNAP.

BricsCAD object snap in the footer

Use Shift + right-click in the drawing window to open additional snapping tools.

Advanced snapping tools via Shift-right-click

Truss Snap#

Note: The plug-in must be loaded for this function; synchronization does not need to be active.

Truss Snap shows green handles at the magnet points on 900-SCAD_MAGNETS. If you drag a block by one of these handles onto another one, Production Assist automatically adjusts position and rotation to fit.

Hold Shift while dragging to create a copy directly. Repeatedly pressing Ctrl switches between possible alignments.

Under Windows, pressing Shift five times can open the Sticky Keys dialog; disable it in Windows settings if necessary.

BricsCAD PA Snap

Windows dialog for Sticky Keys after pressing Shift multiple times Windows settings for disabling Sticky Keys

The following layers are used for snapping information.

Layer NameDescription
003-TRUSS_SNAPBounding box: contour of the block (centered over the chord tube)
900-SCAD_MAGNETSPositions of the magnets / connection points

Move#

BricsCAD move

Move (MO) moves objects only by an offset. The command does not snap automatically and also does not align the object to other components.

For trusses and similar elements, the green handles are therefore often faster: if you drag one handle, Production Assist aligns the block correctly to compatible elements. If you hold the Shift key, a copy is created directly.

Duplicate#

BricsCAD copy

For duplication, you can use COPY (CO) or the handle logic. The handle variant is usually faster because the copy can snap directly to compatible elements and align itself correctly.

Production Assist tab#

If the Production Assist plug-in has been loaded via APPLOAD, you control the connection with the buttons in the Production Assist tab.

Production Assist synchronization#

PA interface in BricsCAD

  • Enable PA / Disable PA: Turns synchronization for the currently open drawing on or off. If synchronization is active, changes in BricsCAD, for example inserting or moving blocks, attribute changes, or recognized loads, are passed to the Production Assist desktop app and processed there. If synchronization is disabled, no data exchange takes place.
  • Open App: Opens the Production Assist desktop app next to BricsCAD. The desktop app provides the user interface for settings, load combinations, reports, and additional PA functions. Set the mode in the app footer to Plugin so that the connection to the active BricsCAD instance is established.

Live Calculation and Calculation Scope#

Live Calculation in the Production Assist ribbon

The Live Calculation function updates calculation results automatically when the model changes.

Disable Live Calculation for large models and use Calculate (background) or Calculate all instead. If results are missing or outdated, run a manual calculation or use the refresh icon in the app footer.

Calculation Scope in the Production Assist ribbon

With Calculation Scope, you define which parts of the model are included in a recalculation. Typical options are:

  • All: The entire drawing is calculated.
  • Selection: Only currently selected objects are calculated. If a selection is already active when the calculation starts, that selection is used. If no selection exists, the app prompts you to select objects for the calculation.

Note: The selected Calculation Scope is also transferred to the desktop app. If the app and BricsCAD are connected, the objects selected for calculation are highlighted there so that you can visually check the scope.

Utilization display#

Display options in the Production Assist ribbon

With the Display group, you control how utilizations are shown in BricsCAD.

  • Utilization (gradient): Shows a smooth color gradient from low to high utilization.
  • Utilization (thresholds): Shows defined color steps, for example for 50%, 75%, and 100% utilization.

You define which limits apply in threshold mode in Production Assist under Navigation -> Load Combinations.

Connections group in the Production Assist tab#

In the Connections tab, you create connection objects such as drops and ropes between existing components. For this purpose, the tools create generated support blocks on 902-SCAD_SUPPORT, which are synchronized with the desktop app when synchronization is active and are included in the calculation.

Insert Drop#

Use Insert Drop to insert a vertical connection between two existing components. The tool automatically creates:

  • a generated block definition for the connection, and
  • a 3D line on layer 902-SCAD_SUPPORT that represents the drop.

Procedure in brief:

  1. Make sure 902-SCAD_SUPPORT is visible.
  2. Start Insert Drop and enter a name.
  3. Select the two components one after another, for example center lines on 911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATIC; the drop is inserted between them.
  4. Check and, if necessary, set Edit Attributes -> Weight / Capacity.
  5. Start a calculation or use Select System to verify the assignment.

Note: When PA synchronization is active, the generated connection is synchronized with the desktop app; Weight and Capacity appear there under OIP -> Structural / Weight or OIP -> Support / Capacity.

When to use a drop:

  • If there is a rope connection between two components.

Check after insertion:

  • Use Select System and a calculation to check whether the drop has been assigned correctly to the expected system.
  • Compare the resulting forces with the permitted load capacity of the real element.
Layer NameDescription
902-SCAD_SUPPORTStorage location for drops and ropes
911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATICCenter line of the blocks; reference for intersection/connection

Insert Rope#

Use Insert Rope to create a free, non-vertical tensile connection between two points or components. The tool automatically creates:

  • a generated block definition for the connection, and
  • a 3D line on layer 902-SCAD_SUPPORT that represents the rope.

Short steps:

  1. Start Insert Rope and enter a name.
  2. Select the start point on one component and then the end point on another component or on a non-structural element, for example the floor. The rope is inserted between the two points.
  3. Check and, if necessary, set Edit Attributes -> Weight / Capacity.
  4. Start a calculation or use Select System to verify the assignment.

Special features and use cases:

  • A Rope is not an external load, but a tensile connection that does not have to be vertical.
  • You can use ropes for guying, for example to connect the edge of a truss to a floor point or ground support. If a non-structural element is selected, for example floor/anchor point, the connection is created accordingly as a guy wire.

Check after insertion:

  • Use Select System and a calculation to check whether the rope has been assigned correctly to the expected system.
  • Compare the resulting forces with the permitted load capacity of the used end fittings and connection points.

If a rope does not work as expected, check the start/end points, system recognition, and possible competing supports.

Layer NameDescription
902-SCAD_SUPPORTStorage location for drops and ropes
911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATICCenter line of the blocks; reference for connection checking

Insert Loads group in the Production Assist tab#

Actions and forces are external loads on the structure. In short, the following types can be created in BricsCAD and calculated in Production Assist:

  • Point load: a weight at one point; acts vertically, for example loudspeaker or motor.
  • Line load: load distributed along a line; total weight is divided linearly.
  • Wind plane: polygonal area that defines wind action; the actual wind load is created through the wind settings in the desktop app.
  • Area load: polygon on which an area is loaded evenly, for example platforms or stage decks.
  • Point force: directed force with explicit components (X/Y/Z); is applied as a vector in the local coordinate system.

This simplified overview explains how the load types differ technically. The following sections describe insertion and the properties that must be checked in detail, such as layers, Weight, and system assignment.

Inserting a point load#

Use Insert Point Load to insert a single vertical weight load at a point. The load acts downward and is suitable for individual suspended or placed weights such as loudspeakers, motors, or built-in components.

BricsCAD point load

Short steps:

  1. Run the Insert Point Load command.
  2. Enter a name for the point load in the command line.
  3. Enter the weight (Weight attribute, unit: kg) and confirm with Enter.
  4. Click the point in the drawing where the load should act, which is the insertion point of the block, often 0,0,0.
  5. Check in the block dialog / Edit Attributes whether the Weight attribute is set correctly.
  6. Start a calculation or use Select System to check whether Production Assist has recognized and processed the load.

Important notes:

  • Use a point load when a load is to be introduced into the structure at a single concentrated point.
  • Production Assist does not recognize point loads through the layer, but primarily through the Weight attribute or through a corresponding mapping in the Property Map or Symbol Map.
  • The point of application of the point load is the insertion point of the object. For blocks, this is often point 0,0,0 of the block definition.

Inserting a line load#

Use Insert Line Load to insert a load along a line. The specified total weight is automatically distributed across the defined section between start and end point.

BricsCAD line load

Short steps:

  1. Run the Insert Line Load command.
  2. Enter a name for the line load in the command line.
  3. Enter the weight of the line load.
  4. Click the start point of the load.
  5. Click the end point of the load so that the loaded section is clearly defined.
  6. Check in the block dialog or in the properties whether the weight, position, and assignment have been adopted correctly.
  7. Start a calculation or use Select System to check whether the load has been recognized in the intended system.

Important notes:

  • Use a line load when an action is not applied at a single point but distributed over a defined linear section.
  • Unlike a point load, the action is not concentrated at one point of application, but distributed along a path between start and end point.
  • The engineering meaning of a line load therefore depends not only on the weight value, but also on its length, position, and assignment to the structure.
  • If the same real load is actually introduced only at a few discrete points, check whether a point load or several point loads would be the better model.

Check after insertion:

  • Check whether the load runs along the correct component or structural section and has not been placed accidentally next to the intended system.

Inserting a wind area#

Use Insert Wind Plane to define a polygonal area that is later used for wind calculations. The actual wind load is only created through wind direction, speed, dynamic pressure, and the selected calculation model in the desktop app.

BricsCAD wind plane

Short steps:

  1. Run the Insert Wind Plane command.
  2. Click the boundary points of the wind area one after another.
  3. Close the area with Enter once the desired polygon shape has been fully defined.
  4. Enter a name for the wind area in the command line.
  5. Check whether the position, extent, and polygon shape of the wind area correspond to the area that should actually be considered.
  6. Define wind direction, speed, dynamic pressure, and the desired calculation model in the Production Assist desktop app. The load-case and wind settings are documented in the manual under Navigation -> Load Combinations. Object properties for wind loads can be found under Object information -> Wind Load.
  7. Then start a calculation and check whether the wind area becomes effective in the intended system.

Important notes:

  • A wind area does not describe a mass or gravity load, but an area to which wind is applied as a directed action.
  • The wind area itself initially defines the loaded region. The actual load effect results only from the settings in the desktop app, especially wind direction, speed, dynamic pressure, and calculation model.
  • Existing trusses, lattice structures, or other structural components can also be calculated as wind-loaded areas. The relevant parameters can be found in Production Assist in the OIP under Wind Load, especially through settings such as Use structure as wind load plane.
  • The quality of the calculation therefore depends not only on the polygon area, but also on whether direction, flow conditions, project assumptions, and load case match the real situation.

Check after insertion:

  • Check whether the wind area geometrically describes exactly the area that is supposed to be exposed to the wind.
  • Note that the wind area is shown only as an outline both in BricsCAD and in the desktop app. The lack of a filled surface does not mean that no load is applied.

Attention: The wind area is shown only by an outline both in BricsCAD and in the desktop app.

Inserting an area load#

Use Insert Area Load to define a polygon on which a uniformly distributed area load acts. This load is suitable for walkable areas, platforms, or other additional loads distributed over a surface.

BricsCAD area load

Short steps:

  1. Run the Insert Area Load command.
  2. Click the boundary points of the area load one after another.
  3. Close the area with Enter once the desired polygon shape has been fully defined.
  4. Enter a name for the area load in the command line.
  5. Check whether the position, size, and shape of the area correspond to the area that is actually loaded.
  6. Define the associated load parameters in the Production Assist desktop app.
  7. Then start a calculation and check whether the area load becomes effective in the intended system.

Important notes:

  • Use an area load when an action is not to be modeled as a point or line load, but distributed over one continuous surface.

  • Unlike a line load, the action is not distributed along a path, but across the entire defined area.

  • Typical applications include walkable areas, platform loads, evenly distributed structures, or other additional loads acting across an area.Check after insertion:

  • Check whether the size, position, and shape of the area match the actually loaded region.

  • After the calculation, verify that the area load has been assigned to the correct system.

Attention: The area load is shown only by an outline both in BricsCAD and in the desktop app.

Inserting a point force#

Use Insert Point Force to insert a directed force at a point. Unlike a point load, you enter the force directly through the X, Y, and Z components so that the action can be defined freely within the coordinate system.

BricsCAD point force

Short steps:

  1. Run the Insert Point Force command.
  2. Enter a name for the point force in the command line.
  3. Next, enter the force component for the X axis in the command line.
  4. Then enter the force component for the Y axis.
  5. Then enter the force component for the Z axis.
  6. Observe the sign for all three entries: with a negative value, the force direction in the respective axis is reversed.
  7. Finally, click the point of application of the point force in the drawing.
  8. Start a calculation or use Select System to check whether the point force is recognized and processed in the intended system.

Important notes:

  • Use a point force when a directed force is to be introduced into the structure at one specific point.
  • Unlike a point load, a point force does not automatically act as a pure gravity load in the negative Z direction, but can be applied in any direction through its X, Y, and Z components.
  • The command dialog works component by component in the order X, Y, Z and only then places the point of application in the drawing.
  • The effect of the point force results not only from its position, but from the combination of the entered force components and their signs.
  • Typical applications include horizontal tensile or compressive forces, directed actions from connections, machine forces, or other loads that cannot be described as a pure gravity load.

Check after insertion:

  • After the calculation, check whether the direction and magnitude of the force match the engineering expectation.
  • If only a vertical gravity action is intended, a point load is often the clearer model.

Stack Truss#

In Production Assist, truss connections are normally detected and created automatically as truss crosses if suitable structural elements lie correctly on top of each other geometrically. In terms of model logic, a truss cross is not a freely placed external load, but a connection or support situation between two structural elements.

Stack Truss, the 2-click tool:

  • The tool works in two clicks: first you select the truss that should stay in place as the reference. Then you select the truss that should be moved. All elements connected to the second truss are moved automatically and aligned so that they rest on the reference truss.
  • The function automates the manual alignment of several connected trusses and saves repeatedly moving individual elements.

Short steps (Stack Truss):

  1. Select the reference truss, the one that should remain in place.
  2. Select the truss to be moved.
  3. Check the automatically adjusted position of the connected trusses and make manual fine adjustments if necessary.

Note on tolerance and manual alternative:

  • The automatic alignment ensures that the spacing of the trusses fits; typical tolerance is about +/-5 cm. Especially for fine connections, check whether manual correction is needed.
  • You do not have to use the stacking tool: the same adjustment can also be made manually using handles or the move tool. The tool is a convenience function, not a requirement.

For practical modeling, the following applies:

  • For Production Assist to recognize a truss connection correctly, the connected trusses must also lie exactly on top of each other in 3D. A position that only appears correct in plan view is not sufficient.

  • Whether truss crosses are created automatically is controlled in the settings via the option Automatically generate truss crosses. If this option is disabled, such connections are not created from geometry alone.

  • With the setting Allow truss crosses within the same object, you additionally control whether such connections are also permitted within the same object.

  • If a connection is created unexpectedly or does not appear, first check the geometry, elevation, and whether the affected object is allowed to be used as a receiving element at all.

For engineering interpretation, the following applies:

  • The structural behavior of a truss cross is defined through the object properties. In the Object Information section, this is available in particular through the entry Truss Cross Type.
  • Available types are Flexible, Compression only, Tension only, and Rigid. This defines whether the connection is freely rotatable, transfers only compressive forces, only tensile forces, or transfers forces and moments without relative movement.
  • In addition, the object properties display the transferred force both as a design value and as a characteristic value. These values are used for checking and are not edited directly here.
  • The actual suitability of a connection therefore depends not only on the recognized geometry, but also on whether the selected connection type matches the real structural design of the connection.

For practical checking, the following applies:

  • An automatic connection does not replace a structural review. If real connections are only partially rotatable, only tension-resistant, or only compression-resistant, the selected truss-cross type must match that exactly.

Especially relevant for documentation and approval are:

  • Position and involved trusses at the connection point
  • Selected Truss Cross Type

Checking and validating the model#

This section describes how to check synchronization, calculation, and display in a targeted way on the current model.

For a quick plausibility check, the following procedure is recommended:

  1. Make sure the app is connected and that Live Calculation or a manual calculation is active.
  2. Set the Calculation Scope to match the purpose of the check, usually ALL for an overall check.
  3. Insert a known test load or model change.
  4. Check deformation, Vz, support reactions, and error messages together.
  5. Use Select System to check the detected system.

Pay particular attention to:- correct adoption of geometry, loads, and attributes into the selected Calculation Scope

  • understandable changes in deformation, section values, and support reactions
  • expected reactions at supports, load application points, and connection points
  • missing or unexpected results as an indication of modeling, display, or synchronization errors

For documentation and verification, note down:

  • the verification assumptions used, for example Live Calculation and Calculation Scope

  • the applied load or model change

  • the checked result values, for example Combined Deflection Du, Vz, or support reactions

  • the technical interpretation of noticeable results

Ground Support#

For free-standing systems, ground-support elements from the library are used. The design principles correspond to those of normal truss systems, supplemented by specific parameters such as wind loads, friction coefficients, and floor bearing capacity.

Example workflow: inserting Ground Support BricsCAD Ground Support

Special feature: These Ground Support blocks also contain an additional single point on the layer 910-LAYHER_Support. This point transfers the position of the floor support to Production Assist. Layer assignment is done in the desktop app under Settings -> StructuralLines -> LoadLayers.

Note: The settings for Ground Support Attachments as well as the calculation of ballast and floor load are configured in the Production Assist desktop app.

Important aspects of Ground Support:

  • Friction influences how horizontal forces are transferred and how much ballast is required. Check the friction value in the desktop app especially after changes to the ground condition, ballast, or load combinations.
  • Ballast is derived from geometry, load combinations, and support reactions. After every relevant change, check whether mass and position still match the calculated state.
  • Floor loads are displayed through ProductionAssist_FloorLoad and ProductionAssist_FloorLoad_Text. Activate both layers if you want to check distribution and peak values.

For practical checking, the following applies:

  • Compare the displayed floor loads with the permitted values of the real ground or ceiling.
  • Always assess ballast and friction together.
  • Reassess floor loads and ballast after changes to loads, wind assumptions, or support conditions.

The following overview helps to distinguish between what Production Assist provides and what must be checked externally:

QuestionWhat does Production Assist show?What must be checked or defined externally?
Where are loads transferred into the ground or the ceiling?Support positions, support reactions, and result layers such as ProductionAssist_FloorLoad and ProductionAssist_FloorLoad_TextWhether the real bearing area, load distribution, and load transfer may actually be assumed the same on site
How large is the governing ground pressure?Reaction forces and the floor loads derived from them in the modelPermitted ground pressure, load-bearing capacity of ceilings, coverings, substructures, or load-distribution measures
Is the available ballast and assumed friction sufficient?Effects of the applied geometry, load combinations, and friction values on stability and support reactionsWhether the assumed friction coefficients, ballast masses, and their actual arrangement on site are reliable and approved
Are basement ceilings, underground garages, or traffic surfaces sufficiently load-bearing?Additional loading from the modeled system at the respective support pointsPermitted imposed loads, traffic loads, and area loads of the structure based on as-built documents, operator approvals, or structural review
Which documents are needed for approval or verification?Plan view, structural model, load images, and result layers from the calculationFormal verifications, approvals, code assumptions, safety concepts, and project-specific boundary conditions

If load-distribution measures are used, document their position, dimensions, material, and assignment to the respective support points. Also record whether these measures have already been considered in the model or are only included in the external check.

Frequently asked questions about Ground Support and floor loads:

  • Ground pressure results from support reaction and effective bearing area. The force alone is not sufficient for assessment.
  • Additional measures are required if permitted ground or ceiling capacities are reached, or if there are uncertainties regarding the subsoil, load distribution, ballast, or friction.
  • Basement ceilings, underground garages, and traffic surfaces require reliable existing documentation or approvals. Production Assist provides the support reactions for this, not the permitted limit values.
  • Governing imposed loads, traffic loads, and area loads must be derived specifically for the project from codes, existing documents, and operator information, and compared with the calculated ground pressures.
  • For approvals, document support positions, support reactions, bearing areas, ground pressures, load combinations, and safety assumptions.
  • The load-bearing capacity of the subsoil comes from external sources such as geotechnical reports, existing building documents, or operator approvals, not from Production Assist.

Dead weight and additional ballast should be documented separately:

  • Record the dead weight of the Ground Support block as component weight in the block or in the assigned properties.
  • Record additional ballast with mass and clear assignment to the respective support point.
  • For approvals, indicate whether the ballast is considered only in the calculation or also clearly located in the plan and in execution.

Wall Support#

Wall fixings and horizontal supports should not be modeled as point, line, or area forces if they actually hold, guide, or brace the structure. Loads describe actions on the system. A Wall Support, by contrast, describes a reaction possibility of the system and therefore belongs statically to the support conditions.

In the current modeling logic of this documentation, Wall Support is generally not described as a separate dedicated support type, but as a point support with specifically defined reaction directions. In practice this means:

  • Use point, line, or area forces only when a wall applies an external load to the structure, for example wind pressure, impact loads, or other predefined actions.
  • Use a support when the wall supports, shifts, holds, or is intended to absorb horizontal reaction forces from the structure.
  • Model wall supports only in the directions that are actually effective so that the system does not become artificially over-stiff or statically overdetermined.
  • If a wall anchorage acts through several real connection points, a discrete model with several defined support points is usually more understandable than a purely surface-based substitute load.

For practice, this means:

CaseRecommended model
Wall applies only an external actionThrough point, line, or area forces
Wall holds the system laterally or prevents displacementThrough a support point with suitable reaction direction
Wall anchorage also carries vertical forcesModel it as a load-bearing support only if this corresponds to the real construction
Several wall connections along one systemSeveral discrete support points instead of one generalized substitute load

After every calculation, check especially for Wall Supports:

  • whether the reaction forces at the wall are plausible
  • whether hoists or Ground Supports are unintentionally relieved or overloaded
  • whether deformations decrease without making the model unrealistically stiff
  • whether error messages or implausible load paths indicate an overdetermined support condition

If you are unsure whether a wall element should be modeled as a support or as a load, the following simple question helps: if the wall absorbs a reaction force from the structure, it is a support. If the wall acts only as a predefined load on the structure, it is a load.

Hoists#

Motors and chain hoists are inserted via the CMF block. In the Production Assist model logic, hoists are not external loads, but suspension points or supports through which the structure transfers loads into the suspension. Before insertion, make sure object snap (ESNAP) is active and the required layers are visible.

BricsCAD chain hoist

  1. Select the CMF block from the library.
  2. Click the insertion point in the drawing.
  3. Enter scale and rotation in the command line. Default: scale = 1, rotation = 0.
  4. In the Edit Attributes dialog, enter values for Hook Height, Hoist ID, and Weight (dead weight of the chain hoist itself, unit: kg).
  5. Define the capacity of the hoist component in the desktop app: OIP -> Support (unit: kg).
  6. Check the connection to the structure: use the center line (911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATIC) as a reference so that snapping detects a valid connection.
  7. If the plug-in is active, the calculated hook forces appear in the block attribute LOAD.

Note: In BricsCAD, the chain of the CMF hoist component is not shown graphically.

For engineering interpretation, the following applies:

  • Always use a hoist when a real suspension point takes loads from the structure and transfers them into a higher-level support structure or ceiling.
  • Do not use a point load as a substitute for a hoist. A point load describes an action on the system, whereas a hoist describes a support or reaction possibility.
  • The block attribute Weight describes the dead weight of the hoist component itself. The actual hook force results only from the connected structural model, the attached loads, and the calculation.
  • Hook Height, position, and connection to the structure must match the real geometry. Otherwise, implausible hook forces, incorrect connections, or wrong load paths may result.
  • With several hoists, unique Hoist ID values are especially important so that assignment, verification, and reporting remain consistent.

For practical checking, the following applies:

  • Compare the calculated hook force in the attribute LOAD with the permitted capacity of the real chain hoist and the associated slinging or suspension situation.
  • Check whether the hoist is actually connected to the correct system. An incorrect or missing connection often does not lead to just a small deviation, but to a fundamentally wrong load path.
  • With several suspension points, do not check only individual values, but also the distribution of loads between the hoists.
  • If Ground Supports or Wall Supports are present at the same time, check especially whether the load distribution between the different support types behaves plausibly.

Particularly relevant for documentation and approval are:

  • clear identification of the hoist via Hoist ID
  • geometric position and hook height
  • applied capacity in OIP -> Support
  • calculated hook force in the attribute LOAD
  • assignment to the real suspension point, slinging gear, or building support structure

If a hoist shows implausibly high or unusually low forces in the calculation, first check geometry, connection to the structure, multiple support conditions, and load distribution before assessing the hoist capacity itself.

Orientation of the chain hoist and its effect on the calculation

By default, chain hoists in Production Assist are modeled with the motor at the bottom, meaning climbing mode. In the object properties (OIP), you can switch the motor orientation, for example motor up / motor down. In addition, the OIP settings contain an option that allows the motor weight to be excluded from the structural calculation. If this option is activated, the motor's block attribute Weight is ignored in the load calculation.

Attention: This does not change the graphical representation of the chain-hoist block in the drawing. The setting affects only the calculation logic.

Layer NameDescription
911-TRUSS_CENTER_STATICCenter line of the blocks; reference for connection checking

Combined support conditions#

In practice, structures are often not supported by just one support type, but by a combination of floor supports, suspension points, and, if necessary, lateral bracing. For Production Assist, it is crucial that every support point has a clear structural function in the model and that the same degree of freedom is not accidentally supported more than once.

Important: Point, line, and area forces describe actions on the structure. They do not replace a support. If a wall, a floor, or a suspension point actually holds or guides the structure, that effect should be modeled as a support and not only as an external load.

CombinationTypical useLimitationsRelevant aspects for model and checking
Ground Support + HoistsFree-standing or partially suspended systems in which part of the load is transferred to the floor and part via suspension pointsLoad distribution does not result automatically from intention, but from geometry, stiffness, and support definition. An unrealistic combination can lead to wrong support reactions.Ground-support points must be modeled cleanly as floor supports; hoists need a valid connection to the structure. After the calculation, check in particular ProductionAssist_FloorLoad, hook forces in the Load attribute, and the support display in the structural model.
Ground Support + Wall SupportSystems with floor support and additional lateral guidance or load transfer through wall connectionsThe critical issue is distinguishing between a load-bearing wall support and mere horizontal bracing. If wall connections are modeled too stiffly or in the wrong directions, the system can become overdetermined.Wall supports should only restrain the degrees of freedom that actually exist. Check whether the floor supports carry the main vertical load and the wall supports provide only the intended horizontal or local reactions.
Hoists + Wall SupportSuspended systems with additional lateral guidance, back anchorage, or horizontal stabilizationWall supports must not unintentionally replace suspension points. An overly rigid wall support can distort the load distribution between hoists and wall connections.Use hoists for the vertical load-bearing action and wall supports only where horizontal or specifically defined additional reactions are actually absorbed. Check reactions, deformations, and possible error layers after every model change.
Ground Support + Wall Support + HoistsComplex hybrid systems with floor supports, suspension points, and lateral anchorageThis is the most error-prone combination because several support types can influence the same deformations and reaction paths simultaneously. Small modeling mistakes have particularly strong effects here.Model every support point with a clear function: carrying, guiding, or stabilizing. Check the recognized structural model, support positions, result layers for deformation and utilization, and, if necessary, ProductionAssist_Error or support-related error messages.
Multiple Hoists combined with Ground Support or Wall SupportTrusses or frames with multiple suspension points and additional auxiliary supportsMultiple supports of the same or similar function increase the risk of unclear load paths. Without clean geometry and correct assignment, individual supports can receive too much or too little load.Clear IDs, correct center lines, and understandable support positions are especially important here. Check whether the system is recognized as one connected system as expected and whether peak values at individual hoists or supports are plausible.

For practical modeling, the following applies:

  • Use Ground Support for real floor supports and floor contact points.
  • Use hoists for suspended load transfer through motors or chain hoists.
  • Use Wall Support as a support only if the wall or anchorage is actually intended to absorb a reaction force; pure loading on wall surfaces is still described through loads, not through supports.
  • Always check combined support conditions with regard to deformation, reaction forces, utilization, and error messages, not only the geometry.
  • If a model shows unexpected reactions, simplify the support arrangement temporarily and then add the other supports step by step.

Customizing the Production Assist Library#

The basic settings of the Production Assist Library are managed in the Settings section. This section shows which building blocks make up the library for BricsCAD and where this information is maintained.

For practical work, the important point is that not all information is stored in the same place. Part of it is contained directly in the DWG blocks, part in the layers used, and another part is added through mappings in Production Assist.

TypeDescriptionTypical storage location or management
DWG blocksThe actual BricsCAD symbols and block definitions for trusses, motors, loads, or other components. They contain geometry, attributes, and, if necessary, prepared internal helper elements.In the Production Assist Library and, after insertion, as block definitions in the DWG file
Line structureLines, points, or other helper geometry inside a block, with which Production Assist recognizes structure, loads, supports, or connections.Inside the block definitions on the corresponding layers
Cross-section informationInformation about which structural behavior a structural element should have in the calculation, for example the used cross-section or internal structural definition.Through prepared Structure elements in the block or through the layer definitions in the Structure by Line area
AssignmentsMappings with which blocks, attributes, and external content are assigned to the corresponding Production Assist functions. This includes in particular the Symbol Map and Property Map.In the Resource Manager or in the corresponding assignment tables of Production Assist

The following sections distinguish between three levels:

  • Load Layers for assigning load objects
  • Support Layers for support and connection elements
  • Structure Layers for the structurally relevant elements

If you want to build your own content or adapt existing blocks, you can find the further details in the sections Preparing your own BricsCAD library for Production Assist, Structure by Line, Symbol Map, and Filling attributes in BricsCAD.

Load Layers#

Using Load Layers, you define which geometries on a layer are interpreted as loads. The decisive factor is not only the layer name, but above all the load type activated in the settings.

TypeTypical geometryTypical storage locationRelevant layer logicDescription
Point loadPoint or point objectAs an object in the drawing or inside prepared blocksOften recognized through the Weight attribute, the Symbol Map, or a suitable load assignmentConcentrated gravity load at a single point of application
Line loadLineAs a line in the drawing or as recognized line geometry in a blockIf no special other load type is activated, lines on a load layer are interpreted by default as line loadsDistributed load along a linear section
Area loadClosed polygon or areaAs a drawn area or polygon in the drawingVia Use as Area Load in the Structural Lines areaDistributed load across one continuous area
Point forcePoint or point objectAs a point object in the drawing or in a suitable blockVia Use as Point Force in the Structural Lines areaDirected force with X, Y, and Z components
Free line loadLineAs a freely positioned line in the drawingVia Use as Free Line Load in the Structural Lines areaLine load that does not have to lie completely on a structural element
Wind areaClosed polygon or areaAs a polygon in the drawing or as a correspondingly defined areaVia Use as Wind Load in the Structural Lines areaWind-relevant area with its own wind-load logic

Support Layers#

Using Support Layers, you define which geometries are evaluated as supports or support elements. The distinction is important: not every support type is defined exclusively through these settings. Some elements are inserted as prepared blocks and already carry their own logic.

TypeTypical geometryTypical storage locationRelevant support logicDescription
Suspension pointBlock or symbolUsually as an inserted block, for example hoist componentSupport data through block, attributes, and OIP, not primarily through a pure support layerSupport that transfers loads into a higher-level supporting structure
Ground SupportPoint or special attachmentPoint object on a support layer or prepared Ground Support blockSupport Type = Ground Support AttachmentFloor or anchor support for free-standing or braced systems
RopeLine or sequence of pointsLine or points on a support layer, additionally also as an inserted rope elementSupport Type = Rope, optionally Use as Line SupportTension-loaded rope or line-based support element
DropBlock or line-based support elementTypically as an inserted drop element on a support-related layerUsually through prepared geometry and connection recognition, not only through a generic layer assignmentVertical connection with support effect between two structures
Wall SupportPoint support or support blockDepending on workflow as a defined support point or prepared support elementIn this documentation usually modeled as a support with specifically directed reactionsLateral or local support at a wall or existing structure
FloorFloor reference or floor supportDepending on workflow via Ground Support, floor assignment, or project-specific modelingOften not represented as a separate dedicated layer type, but via Ground Support or floor assignmentReference to support against the floor or load transfer into the subsoil

Structure Layers#

Using Structure Layers, you define which lines, edges, or other geometries are read as load-bearing structural elements in the calculation. This is the basis for Production Assist to recognize trusses, tubes, lattice members, or other structural members as a static system at all.

Field or aspectMeaning
Layer / Class NameName of the CAD layer or class on which the geometries to be interpreted as structure are located
Layer Cross SectionCross-section that is assigned by default to structural elements on this layer
Layer Color Map / Color OverrideOption to override cross-sections through color or a defined color assignment
Use from GeometryIf activated, the cross-section is taken directly from the geometry or the object itself
Use as internal StructureMarks elements as internal structure that can be treated differently in display or calculation logic

For practical work, the following applies:

  • Structure Layers define the load-bearing geometry on which loads, supports, and connections are then evaluated.
  • Errors in layer assignment, cross-section, or geometry affect not only the display, but directly the recognized system, load path, and calculation.
  • More details about the concrete setup can be found in the section Structure by Line.

Troubleshooting for the BricsCAD plug-in#

  • Restart the plug-in using Disable PA and then Enable PA.
  • Reload the user interface of the desktop app via the refresh icon in the footer: Refresh
  • No connection: Check whether the desktop app is running, Plugin mode is active, and BricsCAD is in the foreground.
  • Missing results: Check layer visibility and the assignments in Property Map and Symbol Map under Settings.
  • Check logs: The BricsCAD command line and the Production Assist log files provide detailed error messages.

Restoring synchronization#

  • Select Disable PA, close the desktop app if necessary, open it again, set the mode in the footer to Plugin, and then activate Enable PA.

Note: Disabling synchronization does not delete data that has already been synchronized in the desktop app. It only interrupts the live connection.

Preparing your own BricsCAD library for Production Assist#

With a custom library, you prepare your own BricsCAD blocks so that Production Assist can reliably read structure, loads, supports, and further properties from them. There are two basic approaches for this preparation:

  1. via a Symbol Map
  2. via helper geometry on defined layers

Both approaches are possible, but they pursue different goals.

ApproachTypical useAdvantageLimitation
Symbol MapExisting blocks should be quickly linked to a suitable symbol from the Production Assist Library.The existing block can continue to be used without rebuilding it. This is often the fastest path to a first working workflow.The assignment works meaningfully only if there is a technically suitable symbol in the Production Assist Library and the alignment of the block matches it.
Layer integrationCustom blocks should bring their structural logic directly through lines, points, or areas within the block definition.Very flexible, because you can define structure, loads, supports, and helper geometry independently of existing symbols.The block must first be prepared cleanly so that layers, geometry, and cross-sections are recognized correctly.

For a practical decision, the following applies:

  • Use the Symbol Map if you want to work quickly with existing CAD blocks and there is a suitable equivalent in the Production Assist Library.
  • Use layer integration if you want to maintain your own content permanently, represent special geometries, or control evaluation directly through the block definition.
  • In both cases, careful preparation is worthwhile because errors in alignment, layer assignment, or helper geometry later influence system recognition and calculation directly.

The following sections show the individual components of this preparation in detail, especially Structure by Line, Symbol Map, and Filling attributes in BricsCAD.

Structure by Line#

With the function Structure by Line, you define load-bearing geometry directly through lines, curves, and points in BricsCAD. This method is especially flexible when custom blocks should not only be displayed graphically, but also be prepared for structural evaluation.

Production Assist does not recognize these geometries solely by their shape, but through the assigned Structure Layers and Support Layers. The names of these layers or classes can be chosen freely. Assignment is done in the settings under File -> Settings in the Structural Lines area.

For the structure definition, lines and curves describe the load-bearing elements. Production Assist later uses this geometry to identify the load path, the connection between components, and the basis for the calculation.

Settings for Structure Layers in the BricsCAD integration

FieldDescription
Layer / Class NameName of the layer or class on which lines and curves are read as load-bearing structure.
Layer Cross SectionStandard cross-section assigned to all structural elements on this layer.
Layer Color Map / Color OverrideAllows the cross-section to be overridden through layer color or a defined color assignment.
Use from GeometryTakes the cross-section directly from the object geometry if this information is available.
Use as internal StructureMarks elements as internal structure. This is useful, for example, when helper or internal geometry should be displayed differently or handled separately.

To create a new entry, enter a new layer or class below the table and confirm with Add Layer / Class.

Note: In principle, all suitable line and curve geometries in BricsCAD can be prepared as structural members in this way.

For Production Assist to recognize the geometry correctly as one connected structure, the lines must follow certain rules:

OKDescriptionNot OK
Lines with correctly connected endpointsEndpoints must lie exactly on other lines or on the endpoints of connected lines. Only then does Production Assist recognize a reliable connection between the structural members.Example of incorrectly connected line ends
Crossing lines with a correctly connected jointCrossing lines are not automatically connected through intersection alone. For a real connection, at least one line must end with its endpoint on the other line.Crossing lines without a valid connection

For practical work, the following applies:

  • Check not only the visible drawing, but the actual connection logic of the lines.
  • Small geometric inaccuracies at endpoints often do not lead to a small deviation, but to components not being structurally connected at all.
  • If a structure is recognized as separated unexpectedly, first check endpoints, intersections, and correct layer assignment.

Supports can also be defined in this way. Depending on the support type, points or lines on previously defined Support Layers are used. These settings are located in the same dialog area under Support Layers.

Settings for support layers in the BricsCAD integration

FieldDescription
Layer / Class NameDefines the name of the level in BricsCAD on which all points are read as supports.
Layer Cross SectionMainly for ropes: Defines the cross-section or rope profile used for elements on this layer.
Support TypeDefines whether the layer is treated as Rope or as Ground Support Attachment.
Use as Line SupportIf activated, lines on this layer are interpreted as line-based support geometry, for example for ropes.
Resistance X / Y / ZDefines the translational stiffnesses of the support in the respective axis directions.
Resistance XX / YY / ZZDefines the rotational stiffnesses of the support; these are especially relevant for Ground Supports.
Allow Uplift ForcesDefines whether the support may also absorb tensile or uplift forces.
Uplift ValueOptional limit value for permitted upward forces.

For practical modeling, the following applies:

  • Use points for individual support positions and lines only if the selected support type supports this technically.
  • Define stiffnesses only as restrictively as the real support situation actually requires. Supports that are too stiff can make the model artificially overdetermined.
  • For rope and Ground Support layers, always check geometry, support type, and stiffnesses together. Only the combination of these defines the structural behavior in the model.

Symbol Map#

With the Symbol Map, you assign existing BricsCAD blocks to suitable symbols from the Production Assist Library. This is the fastest approach when existing CAD content is to be reused without rebuilding the block definition itself with helper geometry or structural layers.

To get started, open the command File -> BricsCAD Integration -> Prepare Symbol for Production Assist.

Menu command Prepare Symbol for Production Assist

This opens a dialog listing all blocks from the current drawing. There you define which symbol from the Production Assist Library should be assigned to which CAD block.

Dialog for symbol assignment in the BricsCAD Symbol Map

For practical assignment, the following workflow is recommended:

  1. Open the Prepare Symbol for Production Assist dialog.
  2. Select the block you want to assign from the list.
  3. Click Edit.
  4. In the Symbol Selector, choose the technically suitable symbol from the Production Assist Library.
  5. After selection, check whether symbol type, orientation, and insertion logic match the original block.
  6. Save the assignment in the Symbol Map.

The important point is not only a similar look, but above all the technical equivalence. A graphically similar block is only suitable for assignment if the selected symbol also performs the same structural or functional role in the model.

Attention: The orientation of the block and the Production Assist symbol must be the same.

Symbol Selector for choosing a Production Assist symbol

The assignment is stored in the Symbol Map. This is located in the Resource Manager and can later be checked, adapted, or extended there.

For technical classification, the following applies:

  • The Symbol Map is an assignment table between external CAD blocks and suitable symbols from the Production Assist Library.
  • It is especially useful when existing libraries or legacy drawings are to be transferred quickly into a working Production Assist workflow.
  • The Symbol Map does not automatically replace all special characteristics of an individually built block. If a block has its own internal structure, special geometry, or different insertion logic, a layer-based preparation is often more robust.

For practical checking, the following applies:

  • After assignment, use Select System or a calculation to check whether the block is recognized in the intended system.
  • Check insertion point, orientation, and scale especially carefully. Errors here often lead to wrong position, unsuitable connection logic, or incorrect load assignment.
  • If a block still does not behave plausibly despite assignment, first check whether the selected symbol is actually technically suitable and whether the original block may need additional adjustments.
Symbol MapResource Manager
Symbol Map entry in the Resource ManagerResource Manager with saved Symbol Map

Property Map: filling attributes in BricsCAD#

With the Property Map, you define which values are exchanged between block attributes in BricsCAD and properties in Production Assist. This allows calculated or managed values to be shown directly in block attributes and reused consistently when the drawing is reopened.

You can find the Property Map under Window -> Resource Manager.

Resource Manager with the Property Map tab open

Open the Property Map tab there.

Overview of the Property Map in BricsCAD

For practical work, the following workflow is recommended:

  1. Open the Resource Manager.
  2. Switch to the Property Map tab.
  3. Create a new mapping via Add Assignment....
  4. Select the platform type and the name of the block attribute that should be read or written.
  5. Assign the matching property from Production Assist to this attribute.
  6. Check whether an additional array field or conversion factor is required.
  7. Then check the result directly at the block attribute in the drawing.
FieldDescription
Platform Object NameDesignates the platform type to which the mapping refers. In the BricsCAD or AutoCAD integration, this is typically AUTOCAD_BLOCK.
Property name of the platformName of the block attribute on the CAD side. The spelling must match exactly, including upper and lower case.
Production Assist Property NameName of the property in Production Assist that should be linked to the block attribute.
Production Assist Property Array NameUsed if the desired property is located inside an array property.
FactorConversion factor by which the CAD value is divided so that it matches the base unit used in Production Assist.

Important for the technical interpretation:

  • The Property Map controls which values are permanently written into block attributes or read from them.
  • Attributes that are not assigned here are not reliably preserved as Production Assist assignments when the DWG is reopened and may fall back to standard values.
  • The Property Map is therefore not only a convenience function for display, but is relevant for stable data exchange between the drawing and Production Assist.

Note: Production Assist uses base units. For weight this is, for example, grams, for lengths millimeters, and for forces kilonewtons. If a CAD attribute is maintained in another unit, the appropriate factor must be entered.

The following units are used as base units in Production Assist:

Property typeBase unit in Production Assist
WeightGram
LengthMillimeter
ForceKilonewton

Example 1: The weight of an object is to be linked with an attribute in BricsCAD. In BricsCAD, the value is in kilograms, while Production Assist expects grams internally. For this, the factor 0.001 is used. 1 kilogram / 0.001 = 1000 grams

Example 2: The weight of an object is to be linked with an attribute in BricsCAD. In BricsCAD, the value is in pounds, while Production Assist expects grams internally. For this, the factor 0.00220462 is used. 1 pound / 0.00220462 ≈ 453.59 grams

For practical checking, the following applies:

  • After creating a mapping, always check on a specific block whether the value appears in the expected unit and in the correct field.
  • Pay special attention to upper and lower case in attribute names. Even small differences prevent correct assignment.
  • If a value is missing or appears overwritten after the drawing is reopened, first check whether the attribute is actually stored in the Property Map.

To add your own mapping, click Add Assignment....

Dialog Add Assignment in the Property Map

Helpful BricsCAD commands#

For checking and editing blocks in BricsCAD, some standard commands are especially helpful. The following commands are particularly useful when preparing custom blocks, checking helper geometry, or making displays easier to read during editing.

CommandTypical usePractical note
BEDIT / BLOCKEDITOpens the block editor to check or change the content of a block definition.Use this command if you want to adjust layers, helper lines, points, attributes, or internal structural geometry directly inside the block.
PDMODEControls the display style of point objects in the drawing.Useful if point loads, support points, or other helper points should be made more visible during editing. Typical values are, for example, 0 for point, 2 for plus, 3 for cross, 32 for circle, and 64 for square. These values can also be combined.
BKGCOLOURChanges the background color of the model space.Helpful if lines, points, or layer colors are difficult to read on the current background and you want to improve visibility for editing.

For practical work, the following applies:

  • Use BEDIT or BLOCKEDIT when you want to understand which geometry in the block is actually evaluated by Production Assist.
  • Use PDMODE if point objects exist in the drawing but are visually hard to recognize.
  • Change BKGCOLOUR only if this actually makes geometry checking easier; the setting improves visibility but does not change the evaluated data.